Diagnosing Cancer

Diagnosing cancer often requires a combination of methods, such as physical exams, lab tests, imaging, colonoscopies, mammograms and biopsies. Biopsies are especially important, as they provide a definitive diagnosis. A pathologist examines tissue samples to confirm the presence of cancer, identify its type, and assess its aggressiveness.

How We Find Cancer

Medical or Physical Exams

Cancer detection often begins during a routine check-up or a visit to a specialist, such as a urologist, OB/GYN, gastroenterologist, rheumatologist or dermatologist. During these appointments, doctors may identify the need for further testing based on your answers to their questions or findings from a physical exam.

Lab Tests

Lab tests, such as blood tests, urine tests and Pap smears, are common tools your doctor may use to help detect cancer. These tests can provide important clues about your health. Pathologists play a key role in analyzing lab results to determine whether they fall within a normal range or indicate potential signs of cancer. At Stony Brook Cancer Center, our pathologists specialize in specific types of cancer, ensuring accurate diagnoses and personalized care.

Imaging

Imaging involves taking detailed pictures of the inside of your body to help detect cancer or other abnormalities. Your doctor may order tests such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds or PET scans to get a closer look at specific areas. These images provide valuable information that can guide diagnosis and treatment planning.

The benefits of imaging in cancer care include:

• early detection of cancer for timely treatment
• help with planning surgeries, radiation or other therapies
• monitoring the effectiveness of ongoing treatments

Biopsies

Biopsies are a key step in diagnosing cancer, involving the removal of tissue for examination. Common types include fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, and endoscopic biopsy. The type of biopsy your doctor recommends depends on the size, location and nature of the area being evaluated, as well as the suspected type of cancer.

Advanced Imaging Technologies

Our Imaging Center is equipped with cutting-edge tools designed to provide precise results. Here’s a look at the technologies we offer:

PET/MRI

• Combines PET and MRI into one scan
• Shows anatomy and body function together
• Provides clearer, more detailed images
• Uses less radiation for patient safety

Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) Scan

• Combines PET’s ability to show cell activity with CT’s detailed anatomy scans
• Identifies small tumors and helps detect cancer early
• Creates 3D images for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

• Uses X-ray technology to create cross-sectional images of the body
• Frequently used to diagnose chest and abdominal cancers
• Guides radiation treatments and biopsies with precision

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Uses high-powered magnets and radiofrequency waves (not X-rays) to capture images
• Provides clear views of soft tissues to distinguish healthy from diseased tissue
• Sometimes requires a contrast dye for enhanced clarity

Ultrasound

• Uses sound waves to produce images of internal organs in real time
• Commonly used for breast, abdomen, pelvis and gynecologic imaging
• Non-invasive and particularly useful for guiding certain procedures

Mammogram

• Detects early signs of breast cancer with low-dose X-rays
• Recommended starting at age 40 for most women
• Increases survival rates with early detection
• Identifies abnormalities before symptoms appear