Ependymoma

Ependymoma is a rare tumor that starts in ependymal cells, which line the fluid-filled spaces of the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can spread through cerebrospinal fluid but usually do not spread outside the brain or spinal cord. They may also block fluid flow and cause hydrocephalus.

Types & Stages

Ependymomas are grouped into three grades:

• Grade I: Low-grade tumors, including subependymomas, usually more common in adults.
   
• Grade II: Also low-grade but more likely to come back, especially if not fully removed. Includes myxopapillary and conventional ependymomas.
   
• Grade III: Fast-growing, malignant tumors that are more aggressive.

Signs & Symptoms

Symptoms depend on where the tumor is located.

In the brain:

• Headaches
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Dizziness

In the spine:

• Back pain
• Numbness or weakness in the arms, legs or trunk
• Sexual, urinary or bowel problems

Diagnosis

Diagnosis may involve:

• Neurological exam
• MRI or other imaging tests
• Cerebrospinal fluid testing such as a spinal tap

Treatment

Treatment may include:

• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy in some cases
• Targeted therapy for recurrent tumors

Risk Factors

The exact cause is unknown. A higher risk is linked to neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2).

Screening

There is no routine screening for ependymoma. Diagnosis depends on symptoms and medical evaluation.